Making Electrons Count (part 4 of 10)

Making Electrons Count (part 4 of 11)

201
Of all the applications for which Whirlwind has been used, few have done more to improve man's lot than one involving the design of an optical instrument to be used in research to aid the human eye. But let's not get ahead of our story.

"I'm a physicist for the Retina Foundation in the Massachusetts General Hospital, and have been working for some time on the design of a very specialized optical instrument. Because of the magnitude of the calculations, I decided to attempt a solution on an automatic digital computer, and looked to M. I. T. for help.

202
On my first visit to M. I. T.'s digital computer laboratory, I outlined my problem to the senior mathematician at Whirlwind. Briefly, it is this.

An optical system of my own design is analyzed as a first approximation to the desired system. Next, the thickness and spacing of the lenses are varied, the results of the changes calculated, more changes made, and so on, until all the design requirements are met.

203 The equations shown on the board determine the paths which incident rays will follow when passing through the modified system. From these, the performance of the system can be evaluated. We decided that the problem could be solved on Whirlwind.

204
Unlike some computation centers, the Whirlwind facility requires that potential users do their own programming for the solution of their problems. I started with some background literature on computers.

One of the suggested texts began with a history of computers. Let me read a few excerpts from it.

205 "The digital computer is a far cry from man's earliest attempts at computation. The abacus is one of the oldest instruments used for arithmetic operations and in a large part of the world is still being used side by side with the more recent desk calculator. The necessity for speeding up lengthy computations by eliminating all manual operations has motivated the development of high-speed digital computers."

206 "Over one hundred years ago, Charles Babbage, professor of mathematics at Cambridge university, made public his plans for the construction of a large-scale digital computer. Babbage exhibited a profound grasp of the potentialities of machinery to perform sequences of arithmetic and logical operations. The development of mechanics and electronics took more than a century to reach the point where Babbage's vision could become a reality." Complicated though a modern digital computer may be, its design can be summarized in a simple block diagram that shows the basic functions of the machine: input, storage, control, and so forth. Later I saw shown how these function are performed by Whirlwind.

207 The principal "input device," that is the device for getting information into the computer, is the photoelectric reader, which converts holes in punched paper tape into electrical signals. The pattern of holes represents coded information.

Credits and Notice:

The MIT Museum has kindly granted permission for me to reproduce these extracts from the 1953 film on MIT Project Whirlwind,"Making Electrons Count." The permission is governed by an agreement between Daniel P. B. Smith and the MIT Museum, and covers publication at this Web site only. Individuals may view this material at this Web site, http://world.std.com/~dpbsmith/. Any other use requires permission from the MIT Museum, 265 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307.

The original film credits contain no date or copyright notice and reads, in full:

The Digital Computer Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Presents "Making Electrons Count: Solving a Problem on M.I.T.'s Electronic Digital Computer 'Whirlwind I.' Sponsored by: Office of Naval Research. Physicist played by Dean N. Arden. Script by Edwin S. Kopley. Photographed and Directed by Lloyd G. Sanford.

--Daniel P. B. Smith, http://world.std.com/~dpbsmith/

201	Of all the applications for which Whirlwind has been used, few have done more to improve man's lot than one involving the design of an optical instrument to be used in research to aid the human eye. But let's not get ahead of our story. "I'm a physicist for the Retina Foundation in the Massachusetts General Hospital, and have been working for some time on the design of a very specialized optical instrument. Because of the magnitude of the calculations, I decided to attempt a solution on an automatic digital computer, and looked to M. I. T. for help.
202	On my first visit to M. I. T.'s digital computer laboratory, I outlined my problem to the senior mathematician at Whirlwind. Briefly, it is this. An optical system of my own design is analyzed as a first approximation to the desired system. Next, the thickness and spacing of the lenses are varied, the results of the changes calculated, more changes made, and so on, until all the design requirements are met.
203	The equations shown on the board determine the paths which incident rays will follow when passing through the modified system. From these, the performance of the system can be evaluated. We decided that the problem could be solved on Whirlwind.
204	Unlike some computation centers, the Whirlwind facility requires that potential users do their own programming for the solution of their problems. I started with some background literature on computers. One of the suggested texts began with a history of computers. Let me read a few excerpts from it.
205	"The digital computer is a far cry from man's earliest attempts at computation. The abacus is one of the oldest instruments used for arithmetic operations and in a large part of the world is still being used side by side with the more recent desk calculator. The necessity for speeding up lengthy computations by eliminating all manual operations has motivated the development of high-speed digital computers."
206	"Over one hundred years ago, Charles Babbage, professor of mathematics at Cambridge university, made public his plans for the construction of a large-scale digital computer. Babbage exhibited a profound grasp of the potentialities of machinery to perform sequences of arithmetic and logical operations. The development of mechanics and electronics took more than a century to reach the point where Babbage's vision could become a reality." Complicated though a modern digital computer may be, its design can be summarized in a simple block diagram that shows the basic functions of the machine: input, storage, control, and so forth. Later I saw shown how these function are performed by Whirlwind.
207	The principal "input device," that is the device for getting information into the computer, is the photoelectric reader, which converts holes in punched paper tape into electrical signals. The pattern of holes represents coded information.